EU ETS Emissions 2016

European coal emissions plummet by 11% in 2016, but the low carbon price is threatening further decarbonisation.

Dave Jones

Head of Data Insights

1 April 2017 | 3 min read

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Today, the European Commission published the preliminary 2016 emissions under the EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).

Sandbag has analysed the data, and we explain what you need to know.

Executive summary

The European Commission publishes 2016 ETS Emissions

This data shows that coal emissions fell by 11%, but the low carbon price threatens further decarbonisation efforts.

Coal power plant emissions fell by an impressive 11% in 2016. But emissions from Europe’s 280 coal power plants still accounted for 39% of total EU ETS emissions. It is clear that phasing out coal in favour of renewables is the quickest and cheapest way to rapidly reduce ETS emissions, and policymakers must figure out how to make this happen. A near-zero carbon price is doing nothing to help this. The low carbon price is also stalling industrial decarbonisation, where emissions have fallen by less than 1% in the last four years.

Dave Jones Sandbag Electricity Analyst
EU ETS emissions fell by 2.4% in 2016, in line with the recent trend

Total EU ETS stationary emissions fell by 2.4% in 2016, according to our analysis, from 1803 million tonnes in 2015 to 1759 million tonnes in 2016. The 2.4% fall in 2016 is almost exactly on-trend: EU ETS emissions have fallen on average by 2.6% every year from 2005 to 2016.

The 2.4% fall to 1759MT was in line with estimates. Sandbag forecast 1754MT in January, in our report “Europe’s Power Sector Transition in 2016”. The emissions data is 92% complete (over half the missing data is from EPH’s LEAG lignite plant). We accounted for this by using 2015 emissions where there was incomplete data (except for LEAG whose emissions we estimate fell by 2.5MT).

The aggressive fall in EU ETS emissions is because of falling power sector emissions

Power sector emissions fell by 4% in 2016, as coal generation plummeted by 11%.  Emissions at gas power plants rose, to replace dirtier coal. This was caused by coal power plants closing, and temporary coal-gas switching as the gas price became cheaper than coal.  The ETS carbon price did almost nothing: a €5/tonne carbon barely changed the relative coal-gas economics.   Since 2010, because of huge investment into renewable generation, overall power sector emissions have fallen by 19%, with coal emissions having fallen 16% and other power emissions having fallen by 24%.  More details on the power sector changes are our report from January: “Europe’s Power Sector Transition in 2016”.

Industrial emissions, by comparison, have barely fallen for 4 years now.  They fell by 0.2% in 2016, and they are only 1% lower in 2016 than they were in 2012.

Coal power plant emissions fell by 11% in 2016…

European coal power plants emissions fell by 11% in 2016.  Almost half the fall was from the UK, with a massive 58% year-on-year fall in coal emissions.  Big falls were also recorded in Spain (-27%), Greece (-21%) and Italy (-17%).

The biggest two coal polluters saw the smallest reductions: German coal power plant emissions fell only 4%, and Poland emission fell by only 1%.  Even since 2010, the movements have been small: -5% for Germany and -7% for Poland.

The change in emissions for each of Europe’s 280 coal plants can be seen on this interactive map.

The fall in coal power plant emissions was led by the UK, with a 58% fall…

The UK saw its coal power plant emissions collapse by 58% in 2016, and down 71% since 2010.  Nearly every UK coal power plant has seen its generation collapse, thanks to the UK’s carbon price floor – an £18/tonne top up to the EU ETS price.  The only two coal plants that haven’t seen a significant fall are Aberthaw (despite the European Court of Justice decision over illegal levels of NOx emissions), and Northern Ireland’s Kilroot (which is not covered by Great Britain’s coal phase-out agreement).

But coal power plants still account for 39% of total EU ETS emissions…

Just 280 coal power plants, out of 13,000 installations in the EU ETS, were responsible for 39% of total ETS emissions in 2016.  Policymakers must prioritise driving rapid emissions reductions from coal power plants – the alternatives are known, and are cheaper than ever.
The UK has shown how much coal emissions can make an impact.  Coal emissions were 54% of the UK’s ETS emissions in 2012, and by 2016 have fallen to only 18% of its ETS emissions.

The importance of coal power plants is very different in every country.  This graph shows what percentage of ETS emissions come from coal power plants.

Still… 7 out of 10 of Europe’s biggest polluters are now German lignite plants

As always, all top ten of the 13,000 polluters are either lignite or hard coal power plants.  Despite that, all of these top ten polluters have seen smaller-than-average emissions reductions, compared to the 11% fall for total European coal power plants.

That is because lignite power plants, especially in Germany, continue to run nearly 24 hours a day x 7 days a week.
The new owners of Vattenfall’s lignite plants – EPH’s LEAG – continue with their lack of transparency, by not yet publishing their 2016 emissions.  Their omission accounts for over half the missing data in today’s data release.

Falling emissions mean the EU ETS surplus is now over 3 billion tonnes

For the first time in 2016, the surplus – the cumulative cap minus cumulative emissions – has exceeded 3 billion tonnes.  Half of this surplus is available to the market, but the “invisible” Market Stability Reserve (MSR) surplus is rapidly growing, and now stands at 1500Mt.

total ets surplus 2016
The total surplus of allowances on the EU Emissions Trading System is now over three billion tonnes
And the gap between emissions and the ETS cap has risen to 11%

ETS emissions fell by 2.4% in 2016, and have fallen on average 2.7% since 2005.  This compares to the cap falling by 1.74% in this phase, and no plans to increase the proposed 2.2% fall in the next phase.

This means emissions are now 11% below the cap, and this gap means the the cumulative surplus will continue to increase year on year.  Although the Council’s proposals to reform the ETS will help (especially on doubling MSR rate, and on MSR cancellation), the underlying problem of the huge disconnect between the cap and emissions will remain in the future.  This is why Sandbag will still campaign to get the cap reduced, to be realigned with actual emissions.

ets emissions cap 2016
Emissions in 2016 were 11% below the ETS cap, so it’s no surprise that the carbon price is so low

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